ABSTRACT. The objective of this study was to evaluate the transmissibility of F. verticillioides, in corn seeds, when inoculated in different phenological stages. The plants were inoculated with the pathogen at the following stages: V7, V9, R1, R2, R4, and R6. The experiments were conducted in pots, in a completely randomized design, with six replications. The fungus infection rate in the seeds was verified through the health test (Blotter Test). The significance of the contrast between the phenological stages and in the two experiments (rainy season and dry season), and productivity showed plant-seed transmission of F. verticillioides in all phenological stages. The PCR technique was able to reveal up to the lowest level, 1% incidence of F. verticillioides in corn seeds. There was a significant difference between the times of plant inoculation and the incidence of the fungus in the seeds. Plants inoculated in the reproductive phase transmitted F. verticillioides for seeds with the highest rate of infection, in the two experiments, in the rainy season (V7 - 48; V9 - 46; R1 - 77.33; R2 - 84; R4 - 96; R6 - 96.67; and Test - 14.67%), and dry season (V7 - 46.67; V9 - 66; R1 - 75.33; R2 - 95.33; R4 - 98; and R6 - 97.33%). In this way, the present work demonstrated that in the reproductive phenological stages R2, R4, and R6, the corn plant was more susceptible to infection with F. verticillioides, and that it also resulted in a decrease in grain productivity.

ABSTRACT. Environmental and production factors might affect grapevine physiology. Estimating these effects is essential for planning the harvest and predicting the quality of grapes. The aim of this study was to characterize the quality and antioxidant potential of ‘BRS Cora’ grapes with different training systems and rootstocks in production cycles of the second half of the year under tropical conditions. The experimental design was randomized blocks with sub-subdivided plots over time. Three training systems and two rootstocks were studied in production cycles referring to the second halves of 2017 and 2018. In 2017, the grapes of plants trained with lyre and vertical shoot positioning (VSP) had the highest soluble solids and sugars contents, and in 2018, this response occurred with the overhead trellis system. There was lower variation in titratable acidity between cycles of grapevines trained with VSP and lyre, as well as in those grafted onto ‘IAC 572’. In 2018, lyre with ‘IAC 572’ promoted higher pigment accumulation. Climatic conditions in 2017 provided a higher accumulation of polyphenols and antioxidant activity in grapes of plants trained with lyre with ‘IAC 766’. The efficiency of the training system within each cycle, associated with the effect of the rootstock, resulted in differentiated responses according to climatic conditions.

ABSTRACT The quality and phenolic compound composition might be affected by production system due to microclimate around the bunches and sunlight interception provided by vegetative canopy architecture and environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to characterize the quality and antioxidant potential of ‘BRS Cora’ grapes with different trellis systems and rootstocks in rainy seasons under tropical conditions. Three trellis systems and two rootstocks were studied in production cycles during the first halves of 2017 and 2018, using a randomized-block experimental design. Interactions between the trellis systems,rootstocks and cycles differentially affect the fruit quality. The association between vertical shoot positioning or an overhead trellis with ‘IAC 766’ induced higher polyphenol compound contents. In turn, the trellis systems overhead trellis and lyre provided greater stability for the berry weight, soluble solids, total soluble sugar contents, yellow flavonoids, total extractable polyphenol compounds or antioxidant activity in both production cycles. The results of this study inferred that the grape quality and phenolic compound composition were not only affected by some specific climatic factors but also by the trellis system, rootstock, and the interaction between the three factors.

RESUMEN Las bajas temperaturas han sido pensadas para mejorar la calidad de las semillas durante el almacenamiento desde hace mucho tiempo. Nosotros hicimos un test sobre el efecto que tienen las bajas temperaturas en la micoflora asociada con las semillas de arroz. Las semillas de los cultivos IRGA 423 y 424 se almacenaron en refrigeración (8 y -50°C), o en temperatura ambiente (25 ± 10°C). Con el seguimiento del almacenamiento (1, 45 y 90 días), se investigó el hongo asociado con las semillas. Encontramos que, para ambos cultivos, las semillas almacenadas a bajas temperaturas presentaron más baja carga de hongos que las almacenadas en temperatura ambiente. Después de 90 días, en almacenamiento a baja temperatura hay una disminución en el promedio de su tasa de incidencia de más del 85% (-50°C). Toda la micoflora fue eliminada después de 9º días exceptuando por Fusarium sp. La Trichoderma sp. Se detectó únicamente en las semillas del IRGA 423, mientras que todos los demás hongos se detectaron en los tratamientos de ambos cultivos. Sólo se observó Bipolaris sp. en los análisis de transmisión entre semillas en ambos cultivos, a 8ºC, y no se detectó a -50ºC. Basándonos en nuestros resultados, recomendamos el almacenamiento a baja temperatura (a -50ºC) de las semillas de arroz.

ABSTRACT Low-temperatures have long been thought to enhance seed health during storage. Here, we tested the effect of low-temperature on the mycoflora associated with rice seeds. Seeds of the IRGA 423 and 424 cultivars were stored in refrigeration (8 and -50°C) or at room temperature (25 ± 10°C). Following storage (1, 45, and 90 days) was investigated the fungi associated with the seeds. We found that low-temperature stored seeds had a lower fungal load than the seeds at room temperature for both cultivars. After 90 days of storage, there is a decrease in its incidence rate average of more than 85% in the lower temperature (-50°C). All mycroflora was eliminated at 90 days except for Fusarium sp. The Trichoderma sp. was detected only in IRGA 423 seeds, whereas all other fungi were detected in the treatments in both cultivars. Only Bipolaris sp. was observed in seed-to-seedlings transmission analyses, in both cultivars, at 8°C, and was not detected at -50°C. Based on our results, we recommend low-temperature storage (at -50ºC) of rice seeds.

Resumo: As minhocas são frequentemente relacionadas a solos férteis e, também, bastante usadas como indicadores da qualidade ambiental. No entanto, para otimizar seu uso como bioindicadores, as populações de minhocas devem ser avaliadas juntamente com as variáveis ambientais e antropogênicas que regulam as suas comunidades. Esta revisão buscou identificar os atributos relacionados à amostragem de minhocas, físicos e químicos dos solos, e ambientais e antropogênicos avaliados em 124 estudos publicados que quantificaram a abundância de minhocas (>7.300 amostras) em 765 locais com diferentes tipos de clima, solos, uso da terra e sistemas de manejo no Brasil. Os atributos químicos e físicos do solo (exceto pH) foram menos relatados (≤50% dos estudos) do que outras variáveis ambientais, como data de coleta, altitude, temperatura, precipitação, tipo de solo e de clima, e uso do solo (>50% dos estudos). As minhocas foram raramente identificadas (24%) e poucos estudos (31%) mediram sua biomassa, embora a maioria tenha fornecido informações adequadas sobre o protocolo de amostragem. Com base na sua importância para a regulação das populações de minhocas, propõe-se um conjunto de variáveis que devem ser avaliadas no estudo de comunidades de minhocas e outros grupos da macrofauna do solo. Isso deve ajudar a guiar futuros estudos sobre minhocas no Brasil e em outros países, otimizar a coleta e a replicabilidade de dados, permitir comparações entre diferentes estudos e promover o uso de minhocas como bioindicadores da qualidade do solo.

Abstract: Earthworms are often related to fertile soils and are also frequently used as environmental quality indicators. However, to optimize their use as bioindicators, earthworm populations must be evaluated together with the environmental and anthropogenic variables regulating their communities. This review sought to identify the earthworm-sampling, soil chemical and physical, and environmental and anthropogenic attributes evaluated in 124 published studies that quantified earthworm abundance (>7,300 samples) in 765 sites with different types of climate, soils, land use, and management systems in Brazil. Soil chemical and physical attributes (except pH) were less reported (≤50% of studies) than other environmental variables such as sampling date, altitude, temperature, precipitation, climate and soil type, and land use (>50% of studies). Earthworms were rarely identified (24%) and few studies (31%) measured their biomass, although most provided adequate information on sampling protocol. Based on their importance in regulating earthworm populations, a set of variables is proposed to be evaluated when studying earthworm communities and other macrofauna groups. This should help guide future studies on earthworms in Brazil and other countries, optimize data collection and replicability, allow comparisons between different studies, and promote the use of earthworms as soil quality bioindicators.

RESUMO A videira ‘BRS Magna’ tem como vantagens a adaptação a diferentes regiões brasileiras e a elaboração de suco de qualidade. Entretanto, requer a definição de componentes do sistema de cultivo, como porta-enxerto, para cada região. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a composição química e o potencial antioxidante de sucos de uvas colhidas de videiras ‘BRS Magna’ cultivadas sobre diferentes porta-enxertos, nas condições tropicais do Submédio do Vale do São Francisco. As uvas foram colhidas no Campo Experimental de Bebedouro/Embrapa Semiárido, em Petrolina-PE, Brasil. Os tratamentos corresponderam aos porta-enxertos ‘IAC 766’, ‘IAC 572’, ‘IAC 313’, ‘Freedom’, ‘Paulsen 1103’, ‘Harmony’ e ‘SO4’. Foram elaborados os sucos de uvas de duas safras, para avaliação após o armazenamento. Para cada safra, adotou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. A qualidade dos sucos variou com os tratamentos, em cada duração do armazenamento. Aos nove meses, os sucos da primeira safra apresentaram perda de pigmentos e de compostos fenólicos, sendo que aquele elaborado com uvas de plantas enxertadas sobre ‘Harmony’ distinguiu-se pelos teores de sólidos solúveis (SS), intensidade de cor (IC), antocianinas, índice de polifenois totais (IPT) e capacidade antioxidante. Os sucos da segunda safra, aos quatro meses, caracterizaram-se por maiores teores de alguns compostos, destacando-se o tratamento ‘SO4’ pelos SS, IC, polifenóis extraíveis totais, IPT e capacidade antioxidante. Os porta-enxertos menos vigorosos conferiram melhor qualidade ao suco, desde que se considere o potencial de armazenamento e o processo de elaboração.

ABSTRACT The ‘BRS Magna’ grapevine has the advantage of adapting to different regions of Brazil and producing juice of good quality. However, it is necessary to define the components of the cropping system, such as the rootstock, for each region. The aim of this study was to characterise the chemical composition and antioxidant capacity of grape juice collected from ‘BRS Magna’ grapevines grown on different rootstock under the tropical conditions of the Sub-middle São Francisco Valley. The grapes were harvested in the Experimental Area of Bebedouro/Embrapa Semiárido, in Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil. The treatments corresponded to the ‘IAC 766’, ‘IAC 572’, ‘IAC 313’, ‘Freedom’, ‘Paulsen 1103’, ‘Harmony’ and ‘SO4’ rootstock. The grape juice was prepared from two harvests for evaluation after storage. For each harvest, a randomised block design was used, with four replications. The quality of the juice varied with the treatment in each storage period. At nine months, the juice from the first harvest showed a loss of pigment and phenolic compounds, while the juice made with grapes from plants grafted onto ‘Harmony’ stood out for soluble solids content (SS), colour intensity (CI), anthocyanins, total polyphenol index (TPI) and antioxidant capacity. Juice from the second harvest was characterised at four months by higher levels of various compounds, especially the ‘SO4’ treatment for SS, CI, total extractable polyphenols, TPI and antioxidant capacity. Considering storage potential and the preparation process, the less-vigorous rootstock resulted in better quality juice.

RESUMEN El uso de aceites esenciales de plantas há sido adoptado como menos peligroso para el medio ambiente y la salud humana que los insecticidas sintéticos utilizados para el control de insectos portadores de enfermedades. A pesar de ejercer actividades insecticidas contra varios insectos vectores de enfermedades, los impactos potenciales en los organismos no objetivo ejercidos por los aceites esenciales extraídos de Lippia sidoides (Cham.) no han recibido la atención adecuada. Evaluamos la susceptibilidad y los posibles cambios en las tasas de consumo de las abejas melíferas, Apis mellifera (L.), cuando se exponen a aceites esenciales extraídos de L. sidoides. Se expuso a las abejas recolectoras a jarabe de miel (50% v / v) que contenía aceite esencial de L. sidoides durante 5 h. Después de este período de exposición, las abejas recibieron jarabe de miel regular durante otro período de 19 h. Se utilizaron seis concentraciones de aceite essencial: 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 y 3.5 µL de aceite esencial / mL de jarabe, y se evaluó el consumo de jarabe y la mortalidad de las abejas en ambos períodos (5 y 24 h). Los resultados revelan que, independientemente de la concentración de aceite esencial, las abejas recolectoras se alimentaron significativamente menos de jarabe de miel que contenía aceite esencial de L. sidoides. Sin embargo, la alimentación con jarabe de miel que contiene aceites esenciales de L. sidoides no causó una mortalidad significativa en comparación con las abejas que no estuvieron expuestas a los aceites esenciales. Por lo tanto, los resultados demuestran que los aceites esenciales de L. sidoides exhibieron una selectividad adecuada contra las abejas melíferas.

ABSTRACT The use of plant essential oils has been adopted as less hazardous to the environment and human health than synthetic insecticides used for the control of insects that transmit diseases. Despite of exerting insecticidal activities against several insect disease vectors, the potential impacts on non-target organisms exerted by essential oils extracted from Lippia sidoides (Cham.) have not received adequate attention. Here, we evaluated the susceptibility and potential changes in consumption rates of honey bees, Apis mellifera (L.), when exposed to essential oils extracted from L. sidoides. Was exposed forager bees to honey syrup (50% v/v) containing L. sidoides essential oil for 5 h. After this exposure period, the bees received regular honey syrup for another 19 h period. Six essential oil concentrations was used, namely 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5 µL of essential oil/mL of syrup, and evaluated the syrup consumption and bees mortality in both periods (at the 5th and 24th h). The results reveal that independent of the essential oil concentration, the forager bees fed significantly less on L. sidoides essential oil-containing honey syrup. However, feeding on L. sidoides essential oil-containing honey syrup did not cause significant mortality when compared with bees that were not exposed to the essential oils. Thus, the results demonstrate that L. sidoides essential oils exhibited adequate selectivity against honey bees.

RESUMO: A ferrugem, causada pelo fungo biotrófico Olivea neotectonae, destaca-se como uma doença importante nas plantações de teca no Brasil. Considerando a importância atual dessa ferrugem e a necessidade de obter informações básicas adicionais sobre seu agente causal para melhor manejo da doença, o presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a morfologia da O. neotectonae utilizando microscopia de luz e demonstrar o processo de infecção em folhas de teca por meio de técnicas de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). As características morfológicas observadas em microscopia de luz foram semelhantes às descritas na literatura para essa espécie. A MEV revelou que as estruturas de infecção do patógeno penetraram na folha de teca através do complexo estomático. Este estudo fornece a primeira evidência microscópica do processo de infecção de Olivea neotectonae em folhas de plantas de teca.

ABSTRACT: Rust, caused by the biotrophic fungus Olivea neotectonae, stands out as an important disease in teak plantations in Brazil. Considering the current importance of this rust and the need to obtain additional basic information about its causal agent to better disease management, the present study aimed to analyze the morphology of O. neotectonae using light microscopy and demonstrate the infection process in teak leaves using scanning electron microscopy techniques (SEM). The morphological characteristics observed using light microscopy were similar to those described in the literature for this species. SEM revealed that the infection structures of the pathogen penetrated the teak leaf through the stomata complex. This study provides the first microscopic evidence of the infection process of Olivea neotectonae in leaves of teak plants.

RESUMO O Submédio do Vale do São Francisco é reconhecido pela particularidade das condições de produção de uvas para diferentes usos. A produção de uvas para suco nesta região é relativamente recente. Por isso, o conhecimento acerca dos componentes do sistema produtivo ainda é limitado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a qualidade e a atividade antioxidante da uva ‘BRS Magna’ sob influência de sistemas de condução e porta-enxertos, em ciclos produtivos do primeiro semestre do ano, em cultivo irrigado no Submédio do Vale do São Francisco. O experimento foi conduzido no Campo Experimental de Bebedouro/Embrapa Semiárido, em Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brasil. Foram estudados os sistemas de condução latada, lira e espaldeira e os porta-enxertos ‘IAC 572’ e ‘IAC 766’, nos ciclos produtivos correspondentes ao primeiro semestre dos anos de 2017 e 2018. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso em parcelas subsubdivididas no tempo com quatro repetições. No geral, as respostas foram dependentes do sistema de condução, porta-enxerto e ciclo de produção, que determinaram características específicas às uvas. A produção no primeiro semestre de 2018 caracterizou-se por elevados teores de antocianinas e de polifenóis extraíveis totais e atividade antioxidante superior, sendo as respostas diferenciadas conforme o sistema de condução e o porta-enxerto. Plantas conduzidas em latada e enxertadas sobre ‘IAC 572’ tiveram maior acúmulo de polifenóis extraíveis totais e atividade antioxidante nas bagas. Sob espaldeira, foram observados incrementos nos teores de açúcares, flavonoides amarelos e antocianinas das bagas enquanto o sistema lira promoveu maior massa dos cachos.

ABSTRACT The Submedium São Francisco Valley is renowned for its particular conditions for cultivating grapes for different uses. The production of grapes for juice is relatively recent, and thus, knowledge is still limited on components of the production system. The aim of this study was to characterize the quality and antioxidant activity of ‘BRS Magna’ grapes in irrigated crops of the Submedium São Francisco River Valley under the influence of training systems and rootstocks, in production cycles of the first half of the year. The experiment was conducted in the Experimental Field of Bebedouro/Embrapa Semiárido, in Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil. The following were studied: overhead trellis, lyre, and vertical shoot positioning (VSP) systems and rootstocks ‘IAC 572’ and ‘IAC 766’, in the production cycles corresponding to the first halves of 2017 and 2018. Experimental design was in randomized blocks, with sub-subplots through time and four replicates. Overall, responses depended on training systems, rootstocks, and production cycles, which determined specific traits of the grapes. Production in the first half of 2018 was characterized by high anthocyanin contents, high total extractable polyphenols, and higher antioxidant activity, and responses were differentiated according to training system and rootstock. Plants trained to overhead trellis and grafted on ‘IAC 572’ had higher accumulation of total extractable polyphenols and antioxidant activity in berries. Plants trained to VSP had increased sugar, yellow flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents in berries while lyre training system led to higher bunch mass.

Abstract: Liming can influence crop growth by altering pore geometry, pore size distribution and water retention characteristics in acid soils. The aim of this work is to determine liming effects on the soil structure based on analysis of water retention data using a cubic spline adjustment function. For that, the authors investigated the effect of three lime rates (0, 15 and 20 t ha-1) on soil water retention characteristics and pore size distribution of a silty-clay “Cambissolo Háplico Alumínico” (Dystrudept) located in the SE region of the Paraná State, Brazil. Soil cores were collected after 31 months of the experiment at 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil layers. Eleven matric potentials (from 0 to -7000 cm H2O) were employed to calculate soil water retention and pore size distribution curves. The pore size distribution curves revealed trimodal soil porosity with three distinct peaks. Equivalent pore diameters ranging from 9.18 µm to 13.18 µm separated structural and matrix domains. Small differences exist in the pore size distribution curves due to liming and between layers for all peaks. With no-till plus surface liming, the volume of large pores diminished at the two layers and the volume of small pores increased at the surface layer.

RESUMO O manejo alimentar adequado associado a animais com maior rendimento e resistência a ambientes específicos, como águas com temperaturas abaixo da adequada à espécie, são determinantes para uma maior produtividade. Portanto, objetivou-se com o presente estudo comparar o desempenho da larvicultura de duas linhagens de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) submetidas a diferentes frequências alimentares com temperatura abaixo da faixa ótima para crescimento. Larvas das linhagens tailandesa (720 indivíduos com peso de 24,3 mg e comprimento total de 12,4 mm) e GIFT (720 exemplares com 22,5 mg e 12,0 mm), foram distribuídas em 24 aquários de 4L, na densidade de 15 larvas. L−1, 60 larvas aquário−1, sob aeração constante, fotoperíodo natural e temperatura a 23 °C, em sistema com recirculação com termostato. Elas foram submetidas a três frequências alimentares: 2, 5 e 8 vezes.dia−1, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 linhagens x 3 frequências, com quatro repetições cada. Exceto a temperatura, os demais parâmetros de qualidade da água, amônia, nitrito, nitrato, turbidez, condutividade e pH, mantiveram-se adequados para a espécie. A linhagem tailandesa apresentou maiores comprimentos total e padrão, peso, fator de condição de Fulton, sobrevivência e biomassa, do que a GIFT. A frequência alimentar 5 vezes.dia−1 gerou maiores valores para as larvas em peso, comprimento total e padrão, do que as submetidas à frequência de 2 vezes.dia−1, e valores iguais, quando comparadas as submetidas à frequência de 8 vezes.dia−1. Na temperatura de 23 °C devese empregar as tilápias da linhagem tailandesa alimentadas 5 vezes.dia−1.

SUMMARY The adequate food management associated with animals with higher yields and resistance to specific environments, such as waters with temperatures below the appropriate temperature, are determinant for a higher productivity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare larviculture performance of two strains of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) submitted to different feeding frequencies with temperature below the optimum range for growth. Larvae of Thai (720 individuals with weight of 24.3 mg and total length of 12.4 mm) and GIFT strains (720 individuals with weight of 22.5 mg and total length of 12.0 mm) were distributed into 24 aquariuns-4L, the density of 15 larvae. L−1, 60 larvae aquarium−1, under constant aeration, natural photoperiod and temperature of 23 °C, with recirculation and thermostat. The fish were subjected to three feeding frequencies: 2, 5 and 8 times.day−1 in a randomized design in a 2 strains x 3 frequencies factorial scheme, with four replicates each. Except the temperature the other parameters of water quality, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, turbidity, conductivity and pH, remained adequate for the species. The Thai lineage showed higher total and standard length, weight, Fulton condition factor, survival and biomass, than GIFT. The feeding frequency 5 times.day-1 led to higher values larvae in weight, standard and total length in relation the frequency of 2 times.day-1 but, when compared values of frequency 8 times.day-1 was not difference. In the temperature 23 oC, Thai strain fed 5 times.day-1 should be used.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se com este estudo verificar a divergência genética entre três genótipos de frangos de corte, de ambos os sexos, utilizando o desempenho e as características de carcaça por meio da análise multivariada. Utilizaram-se 990 pintos de um dia, sexados, dos seguintes grupos genéticos: Cobb 500, Hubbard Flex, e Ross 308. Avaliaram-se as seguintes variáveis: ganho em peso médio diário, consumo de ração médio diário, conversão alimentar, peso corporal, peso e rendimento do peito e da carcaça, nos períodos: 1 a 35 dias e 1 a 42 dias de idade. O desempenho dos grupos genéticos foi avaliado por meio da Análise de Variância Multivariada e da função discriminante linear de Fisher, usando os testes do maior autovalor de Roy e da união-interseção de Roy para as comparações múltiplas. O estudo da divergência genética foi feito por meio da análise por variáveis canônicas e pelo método de otimização de Tocher. As fêmeas dos grupos genéticos Cobb 500, Hubbard Flex e Ross 308 apresentaram médias canônicas diferentes dos machos desses mesmos genótipos. As duas primeiras variáveis canônicas explicaram 88,10% da variação entre os grupos genéticos. A divergência genética entre os grupos genéticos avaliados permitiu a formação de dois grupos com os seguintes genótipos: grupo 1 - Fêmeas Cobb 500, Hubbard Flex e Ross 308; e grupo 2 - Machos Cobb 500, Hubbard Flex e Ross 308.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to verify the genetic divergence amongst three broiler genotype, from both sexes, by means of a multivariate performance analysis and carcass traits. Nine hundred and ninety sexed, one-day chicks were utilized; belonged to the following genetic groups: Cobb 500, Hubbard Flex, and Ross 308. The study evaluated the daily average weight gain, the daily average ration consumption, feed conversion, body weight, weight and performance for breast, and carcass over the period from 1 to 35, and from 1 to 42 days of age. Performance of the genetic groups was evaluated by means of multivariate analysis of variance and by Fisher's linear discriminant function, using Roy's largest eigenvalue and Roy's union-intersection test for multiple comparisons. The genetic divergence study was carried out through the analysis of canonical variables and through Tocher method. Female animals from Cobb 500, Hubbard Flex, and Ross 308 genetic groups presented different canonical averages from males of the same groups. First two canonical variables explained 88.10% of variation between genetic groups. Genetic divergence between the evaluated groups allowed formation of two clusters with the following genotypes: Cluster 1 - Cobb 500, Hubbard Flex and Ross 308 females; Cluster 2 - Cobb 500, Hubbard Flex and Ross 308 males.

Objetivou-se verificar a divergência genética entre linhagens de codornas de corte e seus cruzamentos para as características de desempenho através da análise multivariada. Foram utilizadas quatro linhagens de codornas de corte em um sistema de cruzamentos dialélicos completos, proporcionando a formação de 16 grupos de progênies, sendo quatro parentais puros: L1, L2, L3 e L4; seis grupos genéticos mestiços F1: G12, G13, G14, G23, G24 e G34; e seis grupos genéticos mestiços F1 recíprocos. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: peso corporal médio ao nascimento, aos 28, aos 35 e aos 42 dias de idade; o consumo médio de dieta do nascimento aos 35 e aos 42 dias de idade; a conversão alimentar do nascimento aos 35 e aos 42 dias de idade; e o ganho em peso do nascimento aos 35 e aos 42 dias de idade. O desempenho dos grupos genéticos foi avaliado por meio da análise de variância multivariada e a primeira variável canônica, usando os testes do maior autovalor de Roy e da união-interseção de Roy para as comparações múltiplas. O estudo da divergência genética foi feito por meio da análise por variáveis canônicas e pelo método de otimização de Tocher. As três primeiras variáveis canônicas explicaram 88,82% da variação entre os grupos genéticos. A divergência genética entre os grupos genéticos avaliados permitiu a formação de quatro grupos: 1 - L1, G12, G23, G21 e G41; 2 - G13 e G31; 3 - L4 e G43; 4 - G32; 5 - G14 e G24; 6 - G42 e 7 - L2, L3 e G34, identificando a L4 como a linhagem que mais influiu na formação de novo grupos.

The objective was to evaluate the genetic divergence between lineages of quail and their crosses to the performance characteristics through multivariate analysis. Four lines of quails were used in a complete diallel system, provided training to 16 groups of progenies, four parental pure: L1, L2, L3 and L4; six genetic groups crossbred F1: G12, G13, G14, G23, G24 and G34; and six reciprocal F1 crossbred genetic groups. The variables were evaluated: mean body weight at birth, at 28, at 35 and 42 days of age; the average consumption of diet from birth to 35 and 42 days of age; feed conversion birth at 35 and 42 days of age; and the weight gain from birth to 35 and 42 days of age. The performance of genetic groups was assessed by multivariate analysis of variance and the first canonical variable, using the tests of the largest eigenvalue of Roy and Roy union-intersection for multiple comparisons. The study of genetic diversity was done by canonical variate analysis and by the optimization method of Tocher. The first three canonical variables explained 88.82% of the genetic variation between groups. The genetic divergence between the analyzed genetic groups allowed the formation of four groups: 1 - L1, G12, G23, G21 and G41; 2 - G13 and G31; 3 - L4 and G43; 4 - G32; 5 - G14 and G24; 6 - G42 and 7 - L2, L3, identifing L4 G34 as the lineage that most influenced the formation of new groups.

Thermal and spectroscopic analyses of essential oil extracted from Siparuna guianensis Aublet, an aromatic plant belonging to medicinal ethnobotany family Siparunaceae, were carried out. The plant is known throughout the North and Northeast of Brazil by the name negramina and has wide application as a natural insect repellent. Thermogravimetric analyses were correlated with the Arrhenius Equation to provide kinetic parameters of evaporation, including activation energy and frequency factor. Differential scanning calorimetric analysis showed the presence of an exothermic oxidation peak, probably as a result of transformations and decomposition of the solid structure before melting.

Data from 2439 goats of the Saanen, Alpine, Anglo Nubian and Toggenburg breeds recorded from 1976 to 2009 by the Association of Goats and Sheep Breeders of Minas Gerais were used in principal component analysis. After consistency of data, six morphological variables (thorax perimeter, body length, withers height, height, width and length of the rump) and 12 variables related to breed standard score and fitness (breed characteristic, head, palette and topline, feet and legs, dairy type, body capacity, udder, rear and front ligament, udder texture, teat and final score) were analyzed. Based on the magnitude of the eigenvalue (lower than 0.7), eleven variables considered redundant were discarded, resulting in reduced costs of technician labor to evaluate the animals. Maintenance of records on height, length, rump width, breed characteristic, dairy type, front ligament and udder texture is recommended.